湖北宜昌公益林可持续经营能力的数量化评价

论述了宜昌公益林可持续经营数量化评价的指导思想和基本原则,并以公益林可持续经营的基本要素为依据,建立了综合评价指标变量集;通过主成分分析和层次分析,提取了累计贡献率大于81%的11个指标因子,确定了各指标因子的权重;从发展规模总量和结构协调度两方面对公益林可持续经营能力进行了评价,认为宜昌公益林的发展规模不断扩大,但其结构协调度DHT=0.722,协调能力较差,仍处于弱可持续发展阶段.     

麻竹笋用林高效可持续经营技术

以麻竹笋用林高效栽培为目标，可持续经营为原则，总结了竹林林分结构调控、土壤管理、散生状培育、地理种源和无性系选优等操作简便、应用效果好的系列实用技术，分析了目前麻竹林立地生产力退化、产品产量和质量下降等的主要原由，提出了无害化、品种化和散生状培育的经营方向。     

高质量整地是生态经济沟建设成败的基础

本文在总结了易县山区治理的经验教训后,认为高质量整地是生态经济沟建设成败的基础,并介绍了该县高质量整地的具体作法,以及坚持高质量整地所取得的显著效益。     

中国区域农业生产用能特征及经济效益研究

为全面反映我国不同区域农业生产用能特征和效率,以及对农业经济促进作用,文中对比分析了1990-2007年间全国及各地区农业生产用能水平、结构、变化趋势、利用效率、对农业贡献度及弹性系数等情况。结果表明,各地区农业生产用能水平从东往西逐渐减小;在用能结构中有机能依然占有一定份额,以西部地区最大,东部地区则更偏向于无机能使...     

Cost‐Effective Targeting Soil and Water Conservation: A Case Study of Changting County in Southeast China

Soil erosion is by far the greatest cause of land degradation and other environmental and socio‐economic problems in China. Although various conservation methods are widely utilized to reduce soil erosion and to sustain agricultural production, the cost‐effectiveness and selection of these methods are less known. Using our survey and ecological data, this study evaluated four soil and water conservation methods in Changting County, Southeast China. The results show that the disparity of conservation costs is much larger than that of ecological benefits. Planting fruit trees is a kind of conservation through primarily economic development. Closing hillsides for afforestation is most cost‐effective, followed by forest fertilizing, and planting trees and grass. Our findings suggest that comparatively lower cost conservation methods, for example closing hillsides for afforestation, should be considered in priority if initial ecological conditions can meet the requirements of the method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Biophysical and Economic Assessment of a Community‐based Rehabilitated Gully in the Ethiopian Highlands

Gully erosion reduces agricultural productivity by destroying valuable land resources, increases sediment concentrations, reduces water quality, and fills up reservoirs. Gully rehabilitation has proven to be challenging especially in the high‐rainfall areas of the Ethiopian Highlands and has therefore had limited success. This paper describes a successful low‐cost gully rehabilitation effort with community participation in the Birr watershed in the Blue Nile basin that begun in early 2013. Initially, farmers were reluctant to participate for religious reasons, but with the aid of local priests and respected elders, community discussions, and a visit to a rehabilitated gully, a consensus was reached to rehabilitate a 0·71‐ha upland gully. The rehabilitation measures consisted of regrading the gully head at a 45° slope, constructing low‐cost check dams from locally available materials, and planting Pennisetum purpureum grass and Sesbania sesban. At the end of the first post‐implementation rainy season, 2,200 tons of soil was conserved by the constructed check dams and newly planted vegetation, compared with soil losses of 680 and 560 tons in two untreated, nearby gullies. In 2014, an additional 3,100 tons of soil was conserved. In 2013, the marginal rate of return (MRR) on the gully rehabilitation investment was 2·6 based on the value of increased forage production alone. When we include trapped soil nutrient values, the rehabilitation MRR was increased to 10. Although these numbers are impressive, the best proof of the success was that farmers on their own initiative rehabilitated an additional five gullies in 2014. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CFCC森林经营认证综合效益调查分析

通过文献分析、问卷调查和实地访谈3种方式,对CFCC森林经营认证单位综合效益、认证动力、问题与挑战进行了调研和分析。结果表明:CFCC森林经营认证在经济成本效益不高的情况下,创造了较明显的社会生态效益,市场需求不足是面临的最大问题,认证类型多样化发展为森林经营单位提供了新的服务和支持,试点项目以及CFCC与PEFC互认推动了认证类型的发展。提出了推动CFCC森林经营认证的建议,以期进一步促进CFCC森林认证健康有序地发展。     

郁闭林分中立木树高的重建技术研究

将立木分为枝下高与树冠高2部分,通过近距离获取枝下高图像对,用立体视觉方法重建枝下高不同部位直径与倾角,以此为基础估计树冠高部分,进而得到树木高度.试验地包括银杏、水杉2个树种,与实际树高相比,重建树高中最大误差是0.043 5,最小误差为0.007 2.其中3号树(水杉)单侧误差仅为0.002 6,表明与干曲线结合的立体视觉重建策略在恢复郁闭林分中立木树高是可行的.     

层次分析法在退耕还林生态效益评价指标体系建立中的应用

退耕还林生态效益评价是当今研究的热点问题之一,构建评价指标是评价工作的前提和基础。笔者根据退耕还林生态效益的主要影响因子,在设定多层次指标体系的基础上,采用AHP法计算各指标权重,以确定影响退耕还林生态效益的主要因素。结果表明:退耕还林生态效益指标体系19个指标中,所占比重最大的5个指标依次为:土壤的侵蚀模数、地表径流量、土壤容重、枯落物层厚度和林草的覆盖率等。     

黄藤栽培技术的研究*

论述了黄藤的壮苗培育和造林技术、藤林的经营采收技术及经营黄藤林经济效益。２３°３０’Ｎ以南为黄藤适生栽培区，年均温２０～２４．５℃，极端低温大于一２．８℃，１５Ｃ活动积温大于５８００℃；年降雨量大于１２００ｍｍ。适宜的立地：林内相对光照强度大于５０％，土壤润湿，表土有机质含量大于２％，全氮大于０．１％，全磷大于０．０１％，ｐＨ４．４～６．７。在１５℃条件下，保持种子在２９％的安全含水率的湿藏法，能有效保持种子活力６个月。黄藤造林的综合技术质量指标：１年生苗木的合格苗叶片数大于４．Ｏ片，苗高大于２５ｃｍ，壮苗叶片数大于５．Ｏ片，苗高大于３５ｃｍ；８年生藤林成丛株数大于１３．Ｏ株，１２年生藤林原藤产量７０００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，速生丰产林平均成丛株数大于５０株，总茎长大于１００ｍ／丛，采收量大于１００００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。本文还论述了黄藤的工艺成熟龄、采收间隔期、采收和经营方法以及经营黄藤林的经济效益。